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2.3.4 Specifying Types of Expression in Patterns
You can tell a lot about what "type" of expression something is by looking at its head. Thus, for example, an integer has head Integer, while a list has head List.
In a pattern, _h and x_h represent expressions that are constrained to have head h. Thus, for example, _Integer represents any integer, while _List represents any list.
Patterns for objects with specified heads.
This replaces just those elements that are integers.
In[1]:= {a, 4, 5, b} /. x_Integer -> p[x]
Out[1]= 
You can think of making an assignment for f[x_Integer] as like defining a function f that must take an argument of "type" Integer.
This defines a value for the function gamma when its argument is an integer.
In[2]:= gamma[n_Integer] := (n - 1)!
The definition applies only when the argument of gamma is an integer.
In[3]:= gamma[4] + gamma[x]
Out[3]= 
The object 4. has head Real, so the definition does not apply.
In[4]:= gamma[4.]
Out[4]= 
This defines values for expressions with integer exponents.
In[5]:= d[x_^n_Integer] := n x^(n-1)
The definition is used only when the exponent is an integer.
In[6]:= d[x^4] + d[(a+b)^3] + d[x^(1/2)]
Out[6]= 
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