SetDirectory — set the current kernel directory
NotebookDirectory — current notebook directory
ParentDirectory — the parent of a directory
DirectoryName — pick out the directory part from a full file name
FileNameJoin — assemble a file name from a list of parts
DirectoryQ — test whether a name corresponds to an existing directory
$UserDocumentsDirectory — default directory to store kernel files
$UserBaseDirectory — default base directory for user-specific add-on files
$Path — list of directories to search for files
$BaseDirectory — default base directory for systemwide add-on files
$RootDirectory — file system root directory
$TemporaryDirectory — system temporary directory