For negative feedback systems, the root loci are points on the complex plane where the phase of the transfer function is

, and for positive feedback systems it is 0:
The root locus plot does not depend on the sampling period:
If the number of poles is greater than the number of zeros, the root loci go to infinity with straight-line asymptotes as the parameter is increased:
The slopes of the asymptotes for a negative feedback system:
Find where the asymptotes intercept the real axis:
Plot the root loci and the asymptotes:
The slopes of the asymptotes for a positive feedback system:
Plot the root loci and the asymptotes:
The break-away and break-in points on the real axis can be computed from the poles and zeros of the transfer function:
Select those points for which
k
Interval[{0, 5}]:
Show the points on the root locus plot:
The complex-valued transfer function is a surface with "peaks" at the poles and "valleys" at the zeros:
The root locus plot projected on the surface travels from the "peaks" to the "valleys" along the lines of steepest descent:
The Bode magnitude plot is the intersection of the surface and the

-

plane: