16.2 Operations on Power Series
Mathematica TE allows you to perform many operations on power series. In all cases, Mathematica TE gives results only to as many terms as can be justified from the accuracy of your input.
Assuming that 
is real justifies simplifying with PowerExpand.
In[1]:= PowerExpand[ Log[E ^ (2 x)] ]
Out[1]= 
Here is a power series accurate to fourth order in 
.
In[2]:= Series[ Exp[x], {x, 0, 4} ]
Out[2]= 
When you square the power series, you get another power series, also accurate to fourth order.
In[3]:= %^2
Out[3]= 
Taking the logarithm gives you the result 2x, but only to order 
.
In[4]:= Log[%]
Out[4]= 
Mathematica TE keeps track of the orders of power series in much the same way as it keeps track of the precision of approximate real numbers. Just as with numerical calculations, there are operations on power series that can increase, or decrease, the precision (or order) of your results.
Here is a power series good to order 
.
In[5]:= Series[ Exp[x], {x, 0, 4} ]
Out[5]= 
This gives a power series that is accurate only to order 
.
In[6]:= 1 / (1 - %)
Out[6]= 
Mathematica TE also allows you to do calculus with power series.
Here is a power series for 
.
In[7]:= Series[Cos[x], {x, 0, 6}]
Out[7]= 
Here is its derivative with respect to x.
In[8]:= D[%, x]
Out[8]= 
Integrating with respect to x gives back a power series with the same dependence on x as the original one, but with a different constant of integration.
In[9]:= Integrate[%, x]
Out[9]= 
When you perform an operation that involves both a normal expression and a power series, Mathematica TE absorbs the normal expression into the power series whenever possible.
The 1 is automatically absorbed into the power series.
In[10]:= 1 + Series[Exp[x], {x, 0, 4}]
Out[10]= 
The x^2 is also absorbed into the power series.
In[11]:= % + x^2
Out[11]= 
If you add Sin[x], Mathematica TE generates the appropriate power series for Sin[x], and combines it with the power series you have.
In[12]:= % + Sin[x]
Out[12]= 
Mathematica TE also absorbs expressions that multiply power series. The symbol a is assumed to be independent of x.
In[13]:= (a + x) %^2
Out[13]= 
Mathematica TE knows how to apply a wide variety of functions to power series. However, if you apply an arbitrary function to a power series, it is impossible for Mathematica TE to give you anything but a symbolic result.
Mathematica TE does not apply the function f to a power series, so it just leaves the symbolic result.
In[14]:=f[ Series[ Exp[x], {x, 0, 3} ] ]
Out[14]=
