$CharacterEncodings gives the list of character encodings that can be used.
$CompilationTarget gives the default value for the option CompilationTarget of Compile.
$ConfiguredKernels is the default list of kernels that are configured to be launched for parallel computing.
$Context is a global variable that gives the current context.
$ContextPath is a global variable that gives a list of contexts, after $Context, to search in trying to find a symbol that has been entered.
$Display gives a list of files and pipes to be used with the default $DisplayFunction.
$DistributedContexts is the default value of the DistributedContexts option of functions such as ParallelTable and ParallelMap.
$Echo
(Built-in Mathematica Symbol) $Echo gives a list of files and pipes to which all input is echoed.
$ExportFormats gives a list of export formats currently supported in your Mathematica system.
As of version 6.0, $FormatType has been superseded by explicit settings for FormatType in Graphics and related functions.