$Notebooks is True if Mathematica is being used with a notebook-based front end.
$OperatingSystem is a string giving the type of operating system under which Mathematica is being run.
$Output
(Built-in Mathematica Symbol) $Output gives the list of files and pipes to which standard output from Mathematica is sent.
$OutputSizeLimit specifies the maximum size in bytes of expressions that will automatically be output in their entirety in a Mathematica notebook.
$ParentProcessID gives the ID assigned to the process which invokes the Mathematica kernel by the operating system under which it is run.
$PerformanceGoal gives the default setting for the option PerformanceGoal for graphics and other algorithmic functions.
$ProcessorType is a string giving the architecture of the processor on which Mathematica is being run.
$ReleaseNumber is an integer which gives the current Mathematica kernel release number, and increases in successive releases.
$SoundDisplayFunction gives the default setting for the option DisplayFunction in sound functions.
$SystemCharacterEncoding gives the default raw character encoding for the computer system on which Mathematica is being run.