$BatchInput is True if input in the current session is being fed directly to the Mathematica kernel in batch mode.
$CurrentLink is the LinkObject representing the MathLink connection for an external program currently being installed or being called.
$ImportFormats gives a list of import formats currently supported in your Mathematica system.
$MaxMachineNumber is the largest machine-precision number that can be used on a particular computer system.
$MaxNumber gives the maximum arbitrary-precision number that can be represented on a particular computer system.
$MaxPrecision gives the maximum number of digits of precision to be allowed in arbitrary-precision numbers.
$MessageList is a global variable that gives a list of the names of messages generated during the evaluation of the current input line.
$Path
(Built-in Mathematica Symbol) $Path gives the default list of directories to search in attempting to find an external file.
$PrePrint is a global variable whose value, if set, is applied to every expression before it is printed.
$PreRead is a global variable whose value, if set, is applied to the text or box form of every input expression before it is fed to Mathematica.