$MinPrecision gives the minimum number of digits of precision to be allowed in arbitrary-precision numbers.
$ModuleNumber gives the current serial number to be used for local variables that are created.
$NewMessage is a global variable which, if set, is applied to the symbol name and tag of messages that are requested but have not yet been defined.
$NewSymbol is a global variable which, if set, is applied to the name and context of each new symbol that Mathematica creates.
$Notebooks is True if Mathematica is being used with a notebook-based front end.
$NumberMarks gives the default value for the option NumberMarks, which specifies whether ` marks should be included in the input form representations of approximate numbers.
$OperatingSystem is a string giving the type of operating system under which Mathematica is being run.
$Output
(Built-in Mathematica Symbol) $Output gives the list of files and pipes to which standard output from Mathematica is sent.
$OutputSizeLimit specifies the maximum size in bytes of expressions that will automatically be output in their entirety in a Mathematica notebook.
$Packages gives a list of the contexts corresponding to all packages which have been loaded in your current Mathematica session.