PrimeQ
(Built-in Mathematica Symbol) PrimeQ[expr] yields True if expr is a prime number, and yields False otherwise.
A standard electronic calculator does all your calculations to a particular accuracy, say ten decimal digits. With Mathematica, however, you can often get exact results. ...
int MLGetInteger16 (MLINK link, short *i) gets a 16-bit integer from the MathLink connection specified by link and stores it as a C short in i.
int MLGetInteger32 (MLINK link, int *i) gets a 32-bit integer from the MathLink connection specified by link and stores it in i.
int MLGetInteger64 (MLINK link, mlint64 *i) gets a 64-bit integer from the MathLink connection specified by link and stores it in i.
int MLGetInteger (MLINK link, int *i) gets an integer from the MathLink connection specified by link and stores it in i.
int MLPutInteger32 (MLINK link, int i) puts the 32-bit integer i to the MathLink connection specified by link.
Simplifying with assumptions. Mathematica does not automatically simplify this, since it is only true for some values of x. Sqrt[x^2] is equal to x for x≥0, but not otherwise.
int MLPutInteger16 (MLINK link, int i) puts the 16-bit integer i to the MathLink connection specified by link.
Modulus
(Built-in Mathematica Symbol) Modulus -> n is an option that can be given in certain algebraic functions to specify that integers should be treated modulo n.