General issues about the internal implementation of Mathematica are discussed in "The Internals of Mathematica". Given here are brief notes on particular features. These ...
ExposeWidgetReferences is an option to Widget which specifies a list of normally internal \:f3b5children widget reference names to include as publicly available instances.
IncludedScriptContexts is an option to GUIRun and related functions that can extend the active $ContextPath that Script blocks within a definition will use.
InitialArguments is an option to Widget which specifies the argument list to use when instantiating this widget definition.
InvokeThread is an option to GUIKit symbols which specifies what thread the invocation should execute on.
InvokeWait is an option to GUIKit symbols which determines whether a threaded invocation should wait for a result or continue on immediately without a response.
ReleaseMethod is an option to GUIRun and related functions that determines when a GUIObject is released.
WidgetLayout is an option to Widget, WidgetReference, and WidgetGroup that contains suboptions controlling layout.
CoarserSetPartitionQ[a, b] yields True if set partition b is coarser than set partition a; that is, every block in a is contained in some block in b.
CoxeterGraph gives a non-Hamiltonian graph with a high degree of symmetry such that there is a graph automorphism taking any path of length 3 to any other.