$Display gives a list of files and pipes to be used with the default $DisplayFunction.
$HomeDirectory gives your "home" directory.
$IgnoreEOF specifies whether Mathematica should terminate when it receives an end-of-file character as input.
$InitialDirectory gives the initial directory when the current Mathematica session was started.
$InputFileName is a global variable whose value is the absolute file name of the input file from which input to Mathematica is currently being sought.
$Input
(Built-in Mathematica Symbol) $Input is a global variable whose value is the name of the stream from which input to Mathematica is currently being sought.
$MaxPiecewiseCases gives the maximum number of cases to allow in explicit Piecewise objects generated by expanding any single piecewise function.
$Notebooks is True if Mathematica is being used with a notebook-based front end.
$ProcessorType is a string giving the architecture of the processor on which Mathematica is being run.
$SyntaxHandler is a global variable which, if set, is applied to any input string that is found to contain a syntax error.