$BatchInput is True if input in the current session is being fed directly to the Mathematica kernel in batch mode.
$CharacterEncodings gives the list of character encodings that can be used.
$ConfiguredKernels is the default list of kernels that are configured to be launched for parallel computing.
$ContextPath is a global variable that gives a list of contexts, after $Context, to search in trying to find a symbol that has been entered.
$CurrentLink is the LinkObject representing the MathLink connection for an external program currently being installed or being called.
$ExportFormats gives a list of export formats currently supported in your Mathematica system.
$ImportFormats gives a list of import formats currently supported in your Mathematica system.
$KernelCount gives the number of subkernels available for parallel computations.
$MaxMachineNumber is the largest machine-precision number that can be used on a particular computer system.
$MaxNumber gives the maximum arbitrary-precision number that can be represented on a particular computer system.