NMinValue[f, x] gives the minimum value of f with respect to x.NMinValue[f, {x, y, ...}] gives the minimum value of f with respect to x, y, .... NMinValue[{f, cons}, {x, y, ...

x^y gives x to the power y.

Ratios[list] gives the successive ratios of elements in list. Ratios[list, n] gives the n\[Null]^th iterated ratios of list. Ratios[list, {n_1, n_2, ...}] gives the ...

UndirectedEdge[u, v] or u \[UndirectedEdge] v represents an undirected edge of a graph with vertices u and v.

VertexReplace[g, {v_1 -> w_1, v_2 -> w_2, ...}] replaces each vertex v_i in the graph g by w_i.

VertexShape is an option and property for Graph and related functions that specifies the graphics used for vertices.

VertexSize is an option and property for Graph and related functions that specifies the size used for vertices.

$MessagePrePrint is a global variable whose value, if set, is applied to expressions before they are included in the text of messages.

In most cases, you want the head f of a Mathematica expression like f[x] to be a single symbol. There are, however, some important applications of heads that are not symbols. ...

Mathematica has a general mechanism for handling messages generated during computations. Many built-in Mathematica functions use this mechanism to produce error and warning ...