SimpleGraphQ[g] yields True if the graph g is a simple graph and False otherwise.
SquaredEuclideanDistance[u, v] gives the squared Euclidean distance between vectors u and v.
"s_1" <> "s_2" <> ..., StringJoin["s_1", "s_2", ...], or StringJoin[{"s_1", "s_2", ...}] yields a string consisting of a concatenation of the s_i.
TimeConstrained[expr, t] evaluates expr, stopping after t seconds. TimeConstrained[expr, t, failexpr] returns failexpr if the time constraint is not met.
TransferFunctionExpand[tf] expands polynomial terms in the numerators and denominators of the TransferFunctionModel object tf.
UniformGraphDistribution[n, m] represents a uniform graph distribution on n-vertex, m-edge graphs.
VertexLabeling is an option for GraphPlot and related functions which specifies whether labeling should be included by default for vertices in graphs.
WaveletScale is an option for ContinuousWaveletTransform and related constructs used to specify the smallest resolvable scale.
WeierstrassHalfPeriods[{g_2, g_3}] gives the half-periods {\[Omega], \[Omega]^\[Prime]} for Weierstrass elliptic functions corresponding to the invariants {g_2, g_3}.
There are many functions that are built into Mathematica. This tutorial discusses how you can add your own simple functions to Mathematica. As a first example, consider ...