PlotRangePadding is an option for graphics functions that specifies how much further axes etc. should extend beyond the range of coordinates specified by PlotRange.
DensityPlot[f, {x, x_min, x_max}, {y, y_min, y_max}] makes a density plot of f as a function of x and y.
PlotMarkers is an option for graphics functions like ListPlot and ListLinePlot that specifies what markers to draw at the points plotted.
PlotPoints is an option for plotting functions that specifies how many initial sample points to use.
ListPlot[{y_1, y_2, ...}] plots points corresponding to a list of values, assumed to correspond to x coordinates 1, 2, .... ListPlot[{{x_1, y_1}, {x_2, y_2}, ...}] plots a ...
ArrayPlot[array] generates a plot in which the values in an array are shown in a discrete array of squares.
MatrixPlot[m] generates a plot that gives a visual representation of the values of elements in a matrix.
RegionPlot[pred, {x, x_min, x_max}, {y, y_min, y_max}] makes a plot showing the region in which pred is True.
PlotRange is an option for graphics functions that specifies what range of coordinates to include in a plot.
LogPlot
(Built-in Mathematica Symbol) LogPlot[f, {x, x_min, x_max}] generates a log plot of f as a function of x from x_min to x_max. LogPlot[{f_1, f_2, ...}, {x, x_min, x_max}] generates log plots of several ...