SignificanceLevel is an option to VarianceTest and similar functions that controls cutoffs for diagnostic tests as well as test conclusions.
SimilarityRules is an option for functions such as SequenceAlignment that gives a list of rules for similarity scores to assume between pairs of elements.
StatusArea[expr, string] displays string in the status area of the current notebook when the mouse pointer is in the region where expr appears.
VectorPoints is an option to VectorPlot, ListVectorPlot, and related functions that determines how many field vectors to draw.
VertexLabeling is an option for GraphPlot and related functions which specifies whether labeling should be included by default for vertices in graphs.
ViewAngle is an option for Graphics3D and related functions which gives the opening half-angle for a simulated camera used to view the three-dimensional scene.
ViewCenter is an option for Graphics3D and related functions which gives the scaled coordinates of the point which should appear at the center of the final image.
$Assumptions is the default setting for the Assumptions option used in such functions as Simplify, Refine, and Integrate.
$MinMachineNumber is the smallest positive machine-precision number that can be used on a particular computer system.
$ProcessorCount gives the number of processor cores available on the computer system on which Mathematica is being run.