 takes a set and a function from to and constructs a directed graph with vertex set and edges for each in . |
 constructs a graph with vertex set and edge set for each . An option called that takes on the values Directed and Undirected is allowed. Directed is the default, while Undirected returns the corresponding underlying undirected graph. |
 takes a nonnegative integer and a function from onto itself and produces the directed graph with vertex set and edge set for each vertex . |