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Mathematical Typesetting
Developed at Wolfram Research over nearly 20 years, Mathematica has by far the world's most sophisticated and convenient mathematical typesetting technology. Generalizing the concept of a computer language to allow 2D input, Mathematica allows both interactive and programmatic entry of arbitrarily complex typeset expressions, with publication-quality layout continuously maintained in real time.
Reference
StandardForm — Mathematica unambiguous format (Ctrl+Shift+N)
TraditionalForm — traditional textbook math notation (Ctrl+Shift+T)
InputForm — linear input form (Ctrl+Shift+I)
Palettes ► Other ► Basic Math Input — bring up a palette of common input notations
Palettes ► Special Characters — access all Mathematica special characters »
Keyboard Input
(Ctrl+^ or Ctrl+6) ▪ 
(Ctrl+_) ▪ 
(Ctrl+/) ▪ 
(Ctrl+2) ▪ ...
Ctrl+Space — move out of a script position
Ctrl+(, Ctrl+) — start, end an inline math cell in text, or text in math
Special Characters »
(EscpEsc) ▪ 
(EsciiEsc) ▪ ∞ (EscinfEsc) ▪ 
(EscintEsc) ▪ 
(differential d) (EscddEsc) ▪ 
(EscaEsc) ▪ ...
Symbolic Notational Forms »
Subscript(
) ▪ OverBar(
) ▪ CirclePlus(
) ▪ LeftRightArrow(
) ▪ ...
Table & Layout Constructs »
MatrixForm ▪ Grid ▪ Column ▪ Row ▪ Framed ▪ Labeled ▪ Tooltip ▪ ...
Number Formatting »
NumberForm ▪ PaddedForm ▪ ...
General Styling »
Text — text within math
Style ▪ Bold ▪ Italic ▪ Large ▪ Small ▪ Red ▪ ...
HoldForm — display expressions without evaluating them
Options & Tweaking »
ScriptSizeMultipliers ▪ LineIndent ▪ Invisible ▪ ...
Speak, SpokenString — generate spoken representations of mathematical expressions
