Color names are available in the new kernel function ColorData.
Background Color assigns a background color to the selected cells or text.
Text Color assigns a color to selected cells or text.
Why the Coloring? opens a dialog that explains any syntax coloring in the active notebook.
VertexColors is an option for graphics primitives which specifies the colors to assign to vertices.
ColorSelectorSettings -> {opt -> val} is a global option that specifies settings for the Color dialog box.
"ExplainColoringDialog" is a front end token that brings up the Why the Coloring? dialog with an explanation of the syntax coloring in the selection.
CellFrameColor is an option that specifies the color of the frame around a cell.
"FontColorDialog" is a front end token that opens the Color dialog to set the color for selected text.
"ColorSelectorDialog" is a front end token that opens the Color dialog.