WORKFLOW

Make a Notebook-Width Image

When Creating an Image...

Specify ImageSize->Full when creating an image to make it display the full width of a notebook:

When the Image Already Exists...

Wrap an existing image with Image and specify ImageSize->Full to make it display the full width of a notebook:

Notes

Images with ImageSizeFull resize as the notebook is resized.

ImageSizeFull works for graphics as well as images:

Use a Scaled image size to make an image display at a fraction of the notebook width:
If you give a Scaled value larger than 1, you can scroll horizontally to see the whole image:

Specifying ImageSizeFull affects the display size but not the image dimensions as returned by ImageDimensions.