This information is part of the Modelica Standard Library maintained by the Modelica Association.

Simplified model of the resistance of a rolling wheel, dependent on vertical wheel load (due to gravity, i.e. static only), inclination and rolling resistance coefficient:

flange.f = Cr * fWeight * cos(alpha)

The rolling resistance coefficient C_r is either constant (given by the parameter CrConstant) or prescribed by the input cr.

The inclination is either constant (parameter inclinationConstant) or prescribed by the input inclination. This corresponds to the road rise over running distance of 100 m which, in general, is written as a percentage and is equal to tan(α). For example for a road rising by 10 m over 100 m the grade = 10 % and, thus, the inclination is 0.1. Positive inclination means driving uphill, negative inclination means driving downhill, in case of positive vehicle velocity.

Note

The rolling resistance is independent of velocity here, but changes its direction with the direction of velocity. To avoid numerical problems around zero velocity, the rolling resistance is regularized accordingly within [-v0, v0]. Therefore static friction at vehicle's standstill is not taken into account.