WOLFRAM SYSTEM MODELER

QuadraticCoreAirgap

Educational example: iron core with airgap

Diagram

Wolfram Language

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SystemModel["Modelica.Magnetic.FluxTubes.Examples.BasicExamples.QuadraticCoreAirgap"]
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Information

This information is part of the Modelica Standard Library maintained by the Modelica Association.

Educational example of a magnetic circuit containing an iron core and an airgap:

Magnetic circuit with iron core and airgap

A current ramp is applied in positive electric direction through the exciting coil, causing a rising magnetomotive force (mmf) in positive magnetic direction of the electromagnetic converter. The mmf in turn causes a magnetic flux through the circuit in the direction indicated by the flux sensor. From that magnetic flux, flux density can be calculated in every element of the magnetic circuit. Flux density is used to derive magnetic field strength. Magnetic field strength times length of the flux line gives magnetic potential difference of each element. The sum of all magnetic potential differences is covered by the mmf of the exciting coil.

Using the parameter values, the results can be validated by analytic calculations:

element cross sectionlength rel. permeability B H mmf
left leg a*a l - a μr flux / cross sectionB/(μr0)H*length
upper yokea*a l - a μr flux / cross sectionB/(μr0)H*length
right leg a*a l - a - deltaμr flux / cross sectionB/(μr0)H*length
airgap a*a delta 1 useful flux / cross sectionB/μ0 H*length
lower yokea*a l - a μr flux / cross sectionB/(μr0)H*length
total Σ mmf = N*I

Note that there is a leakage flux path present. Therefore the total magnetic flux of in core splits into

  • the useful flux through the airgap and
  • the leakage flux through the leakage element.

However, the magnetic voltage across the airgap and the leakage model are equal. The ratio of the useful flux over the flux in the core is equal to 1 - σ. In the core the magnetic flux is the same in every element as they are connected in series. For the calculation of the length of flux lines inside the core, a medium flux line (dashed line) is used.

Additionally, a measuring coil is placed in the airgap. Due to Faraday's law, the time derivative of flux causes an induced voltage both in the exciting coil (in positive direction) and in the measuring coil (in negative direction). Since current and therefore flux are a linear time dependent ramp, induced voltages are constant during that ramp and zero otherwise. Note that usage of nonlinear magnetic material would change that result due the nonlinear relationship between magnetic field strength and flux density.

Note the proper usage of electric and magnetic grounds to define zero potential.

Parameters (7)

l

Value: 0.1

Type: Length (m)

Description: Outer length of iron core

a

Value: 0.01

Type: Length (m)

Description: Side length of square cross section

mu_r

Value: 1000

Type: Real

Description: Relative permeability of core

delta

Value: 0.001

Type: Length (m)

Description: Length of airgap

sigma

Value: 0.1

Type: Real

Description: Leakage coefficient

N

Value: 500

Type: Integer

Description: Number of turns of exciting coil

I

Value: 1.5

Type: Current (A)

Description: Maximum exciting current

Components (15)

excitingCoil

Type: ElectroMagneticConverter

Description: Ideal electromagnetic energy conversion

leftLeg

Type: Cuboid

Description: Flux tube with rectangular cross-section; fixed shape; linear or non-linear material characteristics

upperYoke

Type: Cuboid

Description: Flux tube with rectangular cross-section; fixed shape; linear or non-linear material characteristics

rightLeg

Type: Cuboid

Description: Flux tube with rectangular cross-section; fixed shape; linear or non-linear material characteristics

airGap

Type: Cuboid

Description: Flux tube with rectangular cross-section; fixed shape; linear or non-linear material characteristics

measuringCoil

Type: ElectroMagneticConverter

Description: Ideal electromagnetic energy conversion

lowerYoke

Type: Cuboid

Description: Flux tube with rectangular cross-section; fixed shape; linear or non-linear material characteristics

magneticGround

Type: Ground

Description: Zero magnetic potential

electricGround1

Type: Ground

Description: Ground node

rampCurrent

Type: RampCurrent

Description: Ramp current source

magFluxSensor

Type: MagneticFluxSensor

Description: Sensor to measure magnetic flux

electricGround2

Type: Ground

Description: Ground node

voltageSensor

Type: VoltageSensor

Description: Sensor to measure the voltage between two pins

leakage

Type: LeakageWithCoefficient

Description: Leakage reluctance with respect to the reluctance of a useful flux path (not for dynamic simulation of actuators)

usefulReluctance

Type: RealExpression

Description: Set output signal to a time varying Real expression