WOLFRAM SYSTEM MODELER
BrakeBrake based on Coulomb friction |
SystemModel["Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Components.Brake"]
This information is part of the Modelica Standard Library maintained by the Modelica Association.
This component models a brake, i.e., a component where a frictional force is acting between the housing and a flange and a controlled normal force presses the flange to the housing in order to increase friction. The normal force fn has to be provided as input signal f_normalized in a normalized form (0 ≤ f_normalized ≤ 1), fn = fn_max*f_normalized, where fn_max has to be provided as parameter. Friction in the brake is modelled in the following way:
When the absolute velocity "v" is not zero, the friction force is a function of the velocity dependent friction coefficient mu(v), of the normal force "fn", and of a geometry constant "cgeo" which takes into account the geometry of the device and the assumptions on the friction distributions:
frictional_force = cgeo * mu(v) * fn
Typical values of coefficients of friction mu:
The positive part of the friction characteristic mu(v), v >= 0, is defined via table mu_pos (first column = v, second column = mu). Currently, only linear interpolation in the table is supported.
When the absolute velocity becomes zero, the elements connected by the friction element become stuck, i.e., the absolute position remains constant. In this phase the friction force is calculated from a force balance due to the requirement, that the absolute acceleration shall be zero. The elements begin to slide when the friction force exceeds a threshold value, called the maximum static friction force, computed via:
frictional_force = peak * cgeo * mu(w=0) * fn (peak >= 1)
This procedure is implemented in a "clean" way by state events and leads to continuous/discrete systems of equations if friction elements are dynamically coupled. The method is described in:
More precise friction models take into account the elasticity of the material when the two elements are "stuck", as well as other effects, like hysteresis. This has the advantage that the friction element can be completely described by a differential equation without events. The drawback is that the system becomes stiff (about 10-20 times slower simulation) and that more material constants have to be supplied which requires more sophisticated identification. For more details, see the following references, especially (Armstrong and Canudas de Wit 1996):
useSupport |
Value: false Type: Boolean Description: = true, if support flange enabled, otherwise implicitly grounded |
---|---|
useHeatPort |
Value: false Type: Boolean Description: = true, if heatPort is enabled |
v_small |
Value: 1e-3 Type: Velocity (m/s) Description: Relative velocity near to zero (see model info text) |
mu_pos |
Value: [0, 0.5] Type: Real[:,2] Description: Positive sliding friction coefficient [-] as function of v_rel [m/s] (v_rel>=0) |
peak |
Value: 1 Type: Real Description: Peak for maximum value of mu at w==0 (mu0_max = peak*mu_pos[1,2]) |
cgeo |
Value: 1 Type: Real Description: Geometry constant containing friction distribution assumption |
fn_max |
Value: Type: Force (N) Description: Maximum normal force |
flange_a |
Type: Flange_a Description: (left) driving flange (flange axis directed into cut plane, e. g. from left to right) |
|
---|---|---|
flange_b |
Type: Flange_b Description: (right) driven flange (flange axis directed out of cut plane) |
|
support |
Type: Support Description: Support/housing of component |
|
heatPort |
Type: HeatPort_a Description: Optional port to which dissipated losses are transported in form of heat |
|
f_normalized |
Type: RealInput Description: Normalized force signal 0..1 (normal force = fn_max*f_normalized; brake is active if > 0) |
Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Examples Demonstrate braking of a translational moving mass |
|
Modelica.Mechanics.Translational.Examples Demonstrate the modeling of heat losses |