Compute the loudness of a recording:

Compute the loudness using a different definition:

The "EBUMomentary" and "EBUShortTerm" definitions differ only in the partition size:

"EBUShortTerm" uses larger partitions:

The "VUMeter" definition has very similar characteristics to the "EBUMomentary", but no K-filtering is performed:

Use the "Peak" or "TruePeak" definition to check if the signal clips at any point:

Compute the average loudness of a recording:

Compute the loudness range of a recording:

Perform a time-dependent loudness correction:

Define a target loudness:

Compute the time-dependent amplitude ratio of the signal to the target loudness:

Multiply the original signal by the ratio to get an approximately constant loudness result:

Divide the original signal by the ratio to expand the dynamic range of the signal:

The "TruePeak" definition performs a resampling that simulates a digital to analog conversion:

In the case of a square wave all sample values are within -1 and 1:

Whenever this signal reaches a digital to analog converter (such as a sound card) an interpolation is done. The "TruePeak" algorithm simulates this operation using a 4× resampling:

Even though all sample values were within acceptable limits, the resampled signal shows clipping:

This is the reason for the discrepancy between the "Peak" and "TruePeak" algorithms.

In most signals this difference is negligible: