Find the permanent of symbolic matrices:

Use exact arithmetic to compute the permanent:

Use machine arithmetic:

Use 40-digit precision arithmetic:

The permanent of a square matrix of all ones is the factorial of the dimension:

The permanent of a square matrix of all ones minus the identity matrix counts the number of derangements of the corresponding dimension:

Given n sets, each containing a subset of (1 …n), the number of ways to choose a distinct element from each subset is equal to the permanent of the 0‐1 matrix where the (i,j) position contains a 1 exactly when subset i contains j:

There are two ways to create sets with distinct elements from each subset:

Confirm the result by explicitly constructing these sets:

The permanent is given by :

The permanent is a polynomial of its entries. Degree 2 for a matrix:

Degree 3 for a matrix etc.:

The determinant Det has the same terms as the permanent, except for sign changes:

The permanent is the outer product of the matrix rows, with terms having the repeated column index removed:

Computing the permanent becomes slow even at modest dimension: