# CoreNilpotentDecomposition

yields the core-nilpotent decomposition of a square matrix m.

# Details and Options

• returns a list of matrices {t,c,n} where the core matrix c is nonsingular and the matrix n is nilpotent. »
• The matrix m is related to its core-nilpotent decomposition by .
• For the nilpotent matrix n, there exists a non-negative integer (the index of the matrix m) such that MatrixPower[n,p] is the zero matrix.
• The core-nilpotent decomposition of a matrix can be used for solving systems of linear differential-algebraic (or difference-algebraic) equations with constant coefficients.
• If either the core or nilpotent parts are trivial, an empty list {} is returned for the trivial part. »

# Examples

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## Basic Examples(2)

Compute the core-nilpotent decomposition of a square matrix:

Format the result:

Core-nilpotent decomposition of a 4×4 matrix:

Verify the relation with m:

## Scope(11)

### Basic Uses(6)

Core-nilpotent decomposition of a machine-precision matrix:

Core-nilpotent decomposition of a complex matrix:

Core-nilpotent decomposition of an exact matrix:

Core-nilpotent decomposition of an arbitrary-precision matrix:

Core-nilpotent decomposition of a symbolic matrix:

The decomposition of large machine-precision matrices is efficient:

### Special Matrices(5)

Core-nilpotent decomposition of a sparse matrix:

Core-nilpotent decomposition of a structured matrix:

The identity matrix has a trivial core-nilpotent decomposition:

Core-nilpotent decomposition of a Hilbert matrix:

Core-nilpotent decomposition of a strictly upper triangular matrix:

## Applications(2)

Solve the matrix differential equation , with singular coefficients:

Both and are singular, so the equation cannot be put in the standard form :

Compute the core-nilpotent decomposition of the solution to :

Let :

The solution is then , where is the solution to :

Compare with the result given by DSolveValue:

Find the general solution of the matrix difference equation with singular coefficient matrix :

The matrix is singular:

Using the core-nilpotent decomposition , let :

The solution is , where is an arbitrary vector:

Verify the solution:

## Properties & Relations(4)

CoreNilpotentDecomposition returns a triple {t,c,n}:

The matrix c is nonsingular:

The matrix n is nilpotent:

The original matrix m can be expressed in terms of its core-nilpotent decomposition:

The core part of the decomposition for an invertible matrix is equal to the matrix:

The nilpotent part of the decomposition is an empty list:

The similarity matrix t is taken to be the identity matrix:

The identity expressed using BlockDiagonalMatrix holds nonetheless:

The nilpotent part of the decomposition for a nilpotent matrix is equal to the matrix:

The core part of the decomposition is an empty list:

The similarity matrix t is taken to be the identity matrix:

The identity expressed using BlockDiagonalMatrix holds nonetheless:

DrazinInverse can be computed with CoreNilpotentDecomposition:

Verify the equality :

## Possible Issues(2)

The core-nilpotent decomposition is not unique:

Either or , but not both, can be equal to {}:

MatrixQ[{}] gives False:

Use BlockDiagonalMatrix to reconstruct the original matrix, since it interprets {} as a 0×0 matrix:

Wolfram Research (2021), CoreNilpotentDecomposition, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CoreNilpotentDecomposition.html (updated 2022).

#### Text

Wolfram Research (2021), CoreNilpotentDecomposition, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CoreNilpotentDecomposition.html (updated 2022).

#### CMS

Wolfram Language. 2021. "CoreNilpotentDecomposition." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2022. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CoreNilpotentDecomposition.html.

#### APA

Wolfram Language. (2021). CoreNilpotentDecomposition. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CoreNilpotentDecomposition.html

#### BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2022_corenilpotentdecomposition, author="Wolfram Research", title="{CoreNilpotentDecomposition}", year="2022", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CoreNilpotentDecomposition.html}", note=[Accessed: 25-March-2023 ]}

#### BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2022_corenilpotentdecomposition, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={CoreNilpotentDecomposition}, year={2022}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/CoreNilpotentDecomposition.html}, note=[Accessed: 25-March-2023 ]}