# DiffusionPDETerm

DiffusionPDETerm[vars]

represents a diffusion term with model variables vars.

DiffusionPDETerm[vars,c]

represents a diffusion term with diffusion coefficient .

DiffusionPDETerm[vars,c,pars]

uses model parameters pars.

# Details

• Diffusion is a central concept of physics that is used in a number of domains, such as thermodynamics, acoustics, structural mechanics and fluid dynamics.
• Diffusion is also known as conduction.
• Diffusion with a diffusion coefficient is the process of equilibration solely driven by a gradient of the dependent variable :
• DiffusionPDETerm returns a differential operators term to be used as a part of partial differential equations:
• DiffusionPDETerm can be used to model diffusion equations with dependent variable , independent variables and time variable .
• Stationary model variables vars are vars={u[x1,,xn],{x1,,xn}}.
• Time-dependent model variables vars are vars={u[t,x1,,xn],{x1,,xn}} or vars={u[t,x1,,xn],t,{x1,,xn}}.
• The diffusion term in context with other PDE terms is given by:
• During diffusion, the medium in which the diffusion happens remains stationary, in contrast to convection where the medium is the transport mechanism.
• The diffusion coefficient can have the following forms:
•  scalar , isotropic diffusion {c1,…,cn} vector , orthotropic diffusion {{c11,…,c1n},…,{cn1,…,cnn}} matrix , anistropic diffusion
• For a system of PDEs with dependent variables {u1,,um}, the diffusion represents:
• The diffusion term in context systems of PDE terms:
• The diffusion coefficient is a tensor of rank 4 of the form where each submatrix is an matrix that can be specified in the same way as for a single dependent variable.
• The diffusion coefficient can depend on time, space, parameters and the dependent variables.
• The coefficient affects the meaning of NeumannValue.
• All quantities that do not explicitly depend on the independent variables given are taken to have zero partial derivative.

# Examples

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## Basic Examples(6)

Define a stationary diffusion term:

Activate the term:

Define a stationary diffusion term with a parametric diffusion coefficient replaced:

Activate the term:

Define a symbolic diffusion term:

Activate the term:

Find the eigenvalues of a diffusion term:

Construct a Poisson equation from basic terms and solve it symbolically:

Solve a time-dependent diffusion equation with a Gaussian initial condition:

Visualize the smoothing of the initial condition through time:

Check that the area under the curves remains constant:

## Scope(23)

Define a symbolic diffusion term:

Not specifying a diffusion coefficient will result in an identity matrix coefficient:

Define a time-dependent diffusion term:

Activate the term:

Define a 2D stationary diffusion term:

Activate the term:

Set up a 2D stationary diffusion equation:

Activate the term:

Set up a 2D time-dependent diffusion equation:

Activate the term:

Define a stationary diffusion term with a parametric diffusion coefficient replaced:

Activate the term:

Not specifying a diffusion coefficient will result in an identity matrix coefficient:

Define a 2D orthotropic stationary diffusion term with a vector diffusion coefficient:

Define a 2D stationary diffusion term with an anisotropic diffusion matrix:

Define a 2D diffusion term with an anisotropic diffusion matrix:

Define a diffusion term with multiple dependent variables:

Define a diffusion term with multiple dependent variables and multiple diffusion coefficients:

Define a diffusion term with multiple dependent variables and anisotropic diffusion coefficients:

Define a diffusion term with multiple dependent variables and all coefficients specified:

Use DiffusionPDETerm for modeling an eigenvalue problem:

Use DiffusionPDETerm to set up a 1D Poisson equation:

Visualize the result:

Use DiffusionPDETerm to set up a 2D Poisson equation:

Visualize the result:

Construct a Poisson equation from basic PDE terms and solve it numerically:

Visualize the result:

Use a vector-valued diffusion coefficient that has a larger diffusion constant in the direction than the direction:

Visualize the result:

Use a vector-valued diffusion coefficient that has a larger diffusion constant in the direction than the direction:

Visualize the result:

Use an anisotropic diffusion coefficient:

Visualize the result:

Off-diagonal diffusion coefficients are possible in coupled PDEs:

Solve the equations:

Visualize the results:

## Applications(6)

Use DiffusionPDETerm with a variable diffusion coefficient:

Solve the equation:

Compute the flux:

Visualize the result:

Use DiffusionPDETerm to model species diffusion under a dam. Set up the region:

Set up the model:

Solve the equation:

Compute the flux:

Visualize the result:

Find the concentration of species under the dam. Construct the model:

Solve the equation:

Visualize the species concentration:

Define a Helmholtz model:

Solve for the eigenvalues of the Helmholtz equation:

Solve the Helmholtz equation with a source term:

Visualize the solution:

Use DiffusionPDETerm to set up a plane stress operator. Set up the coupled coefficients:

Set up the model:

Set up a region:

Solve the equations:

Visualize the results:

Compute the flux:

Define a Stokes-flow model:

Set up the equation:

Define a narrowing region:

Set up a boundary condition:

Solve the equation:

Visualize the solution:

Extend a Stokes-flow model to a NavierStokes-flow model. Define a Stokes-flow model:

Define a NavierStokes-flow model:

Set up the equation:

Define a region:

Set up a boundary condition:

Solve the equation:

Visualize the solution:

## Properties & Relations(3)

Verify that anisotropic diffusion is the same as :

Visualize that there is no difference in the two solutions:

Solve a time-dependent diffusion equation with a Gaussian initial condition:

The analytical solution is an infinite series:

Extract a few terms from the Inactive sum:

Visualize the difference between the numerical and the analytical solutions:

The equilibration property of the diffusion term manifests itself in the smoothing of a discontinuous initial condition:

Visualize the discontinuous initial condition and the smoothed evolution of the initial condition:

## Possible Issues(4)

The negative sign in the operator does not need to be given:

A symbolic diffusion coefficient is interpreted as a matrix diffusion coefficient:

A subsequent substitution must account for that:

An alternative is to specify the symbolic diffusion coefficient as a matrix:

A numeric diffusion coefficient will automatically be multiplied with an IdentityMatrix of proper dimensions:

While solving the differential equation with a scalar diffusion coefficient has been made to work for convenience, subsequent operations may rely on a proper setup:

Solve the equation:

Note that the result tries to take the dot product of a scalar with the gradient of the solution:

Visualizing the result does not work:

One alternative is to directly specify the diffusion coefficient. In the case of a number, the diffusion coefficient is multiplied with the IdentityMatrix:

Solve the equation:

Compute the flux:

Visualize the result:

Yet another alternative is to specify the substituted value as a matrix of dimensions of the number of independent variables:

DiffusionPDETerm models , not :

Visualize the difference in the solutions:

Wolfram Research (2020), DiffusionPDETerm, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/DiffusionPDETerm.html.

#### Text

Wolfram Research (2020), DiffusionPDETerm, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/DiffusionPDETerm.html.

#### BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2020_diffusionpdeterm, author="Wolfram Research", title="{DiffusionPDETerm}", year="2020", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/DiffusionPDETerm.html}", note=[Accessed: 20-January-2021 ]}

#### BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2020_diffusionpdeterm, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={DiffusionPDETerm}, year={2020}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/DiffusionPDETerm.html}, note=[Accessed: 20-January-2021 ]}

#### CMS

Wolfram Language. 2020. "DiffusionPDETerm." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/DiffusionPDETerm.html.

#### APA

Wolfram Language. (2020). DiffusionPDETerm. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/DiffusionPDETerm.html