QRDecomposition

yields the QR decomposition for a numerical matrix m. The result is a list {q,r}, where q is a unitary matrix and r is an uppertriangular matrix.

Examples

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Basic Examples(3)

The decomposition of a 2×2 matrix into a unitary (orthogonal) matrix and upper triangular matrix :

Verify that :

Compute the QR decomposition for a 3×2 matrix with exact values:

is the original matrix:

Compute the QR decomposition for a 2×3 matrix with approximate numerical values:

is the original matrix:

Scope(11)

Basic Uses (7)

Find the QR decomposition of a machine-precision matrix:

Format the result:

QR decomposition for a complex matrix:

Use QRDecomposition for an exact matrix:

QR decomposition for an arbitrary-precision matrix:

Use QRDecomposition with a symbolic matrix:

The QR decomposition for a large numerical matrix is computed efficiently:

QR decomposition of a non-square matrix:

Special Matrices (4)

Find the QR decomposition for a sparse matrix:

QR decompositions of structured matrices:

Use with a QuantityArray structured matrix that has consistent units:

The matrix is dimensionless; the matrix gets the units:

QR decomposition of an IdentityMatrix consists of two identity matrices:

QR decomposition of HilbertMatrix:

Options(1)

Pivoting(1)

Compute the QR decomposition using machine arithmetic with pivoting:

The elements along the diagonal of r are in order of decreasing magnitude:

The matrix p is a permutation matrix:

QRDecomposition satisfies m.p==ConjugateTranspose[q].r:

Applications(8)

Geometry of QRDecomposition(4)

Find an orthonormal basis for the column space of the following matrix , and then use that basis to find a QR factorization of :

Compute the dimensions of :

Define as the column of and as the element of the corresponding GramSchmidt basis:

Let be the matrix whose rows are the :

Let be the matrix whose elements are the components of along the basis vector:

Confirm that :

This is the same result as given by QRDecomposition:

Compare QR decompositions found using Orthogonalize and QRDecomposition for the following matrix :

Let be the result of applying Orthogonalize to the columns of :

Let equal :

Confirm that :

This is the same result as given by QRDecomposition:

Compare QR decompositions found using Orthogonalize and QRDecomposition for the following matrix :

Let be the result of applying Orthogonalize to the complex-conjugated columns of :

Let equal :

Confirm that :

Up to sign, this is the same result as given by QRDecomposition:

For some applications, it use useful to compute a so-called full QR decomposition, in which the is square (and thus unitary) and has the same dimensions as the input matrix. Compute the full QR decomposition for the following matrix :

There are only two linearly independent columns, so and each have only two rows:

Use NullSpace to find vectors outside the span of the rows of , then orthogonalize the complete set:

This matrix is unitary:

Simply pad the matrix with zeros to make it the same shape as :

Verify that this is also a valid QR decomposition:

Least Squares and Curve Fitting(4)

Use the QR decomposition to find the that minimizes for the following matrix and vector :

Compute decomposition of :

Since , , and the normal equations can be recast as :

As is invertible (because the columns of are linearly independent), the solution is :

Confirm the result using LeastSquares:

Use the QR decomposition to solve for the following matrix and vector :

Compute the QR decomposition of , which gives an invertible , as has linearly independent rows:

Let as if solving the least-squares problem:

As the columns of span , must be a solution of the equation:

QRDecomposition can be used to find a best-fit curve to data. Consider the following data:

Extract the and coordinates from the data:

Let have the columns and , so that minimizing will be fitting to a line :

As the columns of are linearly independent, the coefficients for a linear leastsquares fit are :

Verify the coefficients using Fit:

Plot the best-fit curve along with the data:

Find the best-fit parabola to the following data:

Extract the and coordinates from the data:

Let have the columns , and , so that minimizing will be fitting to :

As the columns of are linearly independent, the coefficients for a leastsquares fit are :

Verify the coefficients using Fit:

Plot the best-fit curve along with the data:

Properties & Relations(9)

m is a 3×4 matrix:

Compute the QR decomposition:

The rows of q are orthonormal:

r is upper triangular:

m is equal to ConjugateTranspose[q].r:

If is an matrix, the matrix will have columns and the matrix columns:

QRDecomposition computes the "thin" decomposition, where and have MatrixRank[m] rows:

If m is real-valued and invertible, the matrix of its QR decomposition is orthogonal:

If m is invertible, the matrix of its QR decomposition is unitary:

If a is an matrix and MatrixRank[a]==n, the matrix of its QR decomposition is unitary:

If a is an matrix and MatrixRank[a]==m, the matrix of its QR decomposition is invertible:

Moreover, PseudoInverse[a]==Inverse[r].q:

Orthogonalize can be used to compute a QR decomposition:

For an approximate matrix, it is typically different from the one found by QRDecomposition:

LeastSquares and QRDecomposition can both be used to solve the least-squares problem:

Wolfram Research (1991), QRDecomposition, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/QRDecomposition.html.

Text

Wolfram Research (1991), QRDecomposition, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/QRDecomposition.html.

CMS

Wolfram Language. 1991. "QRDecomposition." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/QRDecomposition.html.

APA

Wolfram Language. (1991). QRDecomposition. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/QRDecomposition.html

BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2021_qrdecomposition, author="Wolfram Research", title="{QRDecomposition}", year="1991", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/QRDecomposition.html}", note=[Accessed: 21-January-2022 ]}

BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2021_qrdecomposition, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={QRDecomposition}, year={1991}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/QRDecomposition.html}, note=[Accessed: 21-January-2022 ]}