BSplineSurface[array]
一个图形基元,表示由
控制点数组定义的非均匀有理的 B 样条曲面.
BSplineSurface
BSplineSurface[array]
一个图形基元,表示由
控制点数组定义的非均匀有理的 B 样条曲面.
更多信息和选项
- BSplineSurface 也被称为基样条曲面和非均匀有理 B 样条(NURBS)曲面.
- BSplineSurface 通常用于在计算机辅助设计 (CAD) 和计算机图形学中对自由曲面进行建模.
- 控制点 pi 为普通 3D 坐标,如 {x,y,z}.
- BSplineSurface 可被用作几何区域及图形基元.
- 在图形中,点 pi 可以是 Scaled 和 Dynamic 表达式.
- 有些指令,比如 FaceForm、EdgeForm、Texture、Specularity、Opacity 和着色会影响图形渲染.
- FaceForm[front,back] 可用于为 3D 曲面的正面和背面指定不同的样式.
- 可以给出下列选项:
-
SplineDegree Automatic 多项式基的次数 SplineKnots Automatic 每个维的节点序列 SplineWeights Automatic 控制点的权重 SplineClosed False 是否用封闭样条 - 在缺省情况下,BSplineSurface 用双三次样条,相当于次数
. - 选项 SplineDegree->d 指定每个方向上的最大次数 d. SplineDegree->{d1,d2} 指定曲面内在两个方向上不同的最大次数.
- 缺省下均匀选择节点,这样使得曲面达到数组每个边的控制点.
- SplineKnots->{list1,list2} 指定用于控制点数组的行和列的节点序列.
- 在 SplineKnots 的一个显式设置下, 多项式基的次数由指定节点的数目和控制点的数目确定.
- SplineWeights 自动选择为 1 ,相应于一个多项式的 B 样条曲面.
范例
打开所有单元 关闭所有单元基本范例 (3)
Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[{{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 4, 4}, {0, 8, 3}}, {{4, 0, 4}, {4, 4, 0}, {4, 8, 0}}, {{8, 0, 1}, {8, 4, 0}, {8, 8, 3}}}]]reg = BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]];Area[reg]RegionBounds[reg]Graphics3D[{MaterialShading["Gold"], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}, ...]范围 (26)
基本用法 (5)
Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[{{{0, 0, 0}, {2, 0, 0}}, {{0, 1, 0}, {2, 1, 0}}}]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {False, True}]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {False, True}]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {True, True}]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {False, True}]]Graphics3D /@ {BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {True, False}], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {True, False}]}BSplineSurface 可以表示拓扑圆盘:
Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {True, False}]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {False, True}]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> True]]BSplineSurface[{{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 4, 4}, {0, 8, 3}}, {{4, 0, 4}, {4, 4, 0}, {4, 8, 0}}, {{8, 0, 1}, {8, 4, 0}, {8, 8, 3}}}]指定 (3)
Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[(| | | |
| --------- | --------- | --------- |
| {0, 0, 0} | {0, 4, 4} | {0, 8, 3} |
| {4, 0, 4} | {4, 4, 0} | {4, 8, 0} |
| {8, 0, 1} | {8, 4, 0} | {8, 8, 3} |)]]Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[(| | | | |
| --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- |
| {0, 0, 0} | {3, 0, 2} | {5, 0, 2} | {8, 0, 1} |
| {0, 3, 2} | {3, 3, 2} | {5, 3, 1} | {8, 3, 1} |
| {0, 5, 3} | {3, 5, 2} | {5, 5, 1} | {8, 5, 1} |
| {0, 8, 3} | {3, 8, 2} | {5, 8, 2} | {8, 8, 3} |)]]通常,一个简单的 d 次 B 样条曲面需要一个 (d-1)×(d-1) 的控制点数组:
pts = (| | | | | |
| --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- | --------- |
| {0, 0, 0} | {1, 0, 1} | {2, 0, 0} | {3, 0, 1} | {4, 0, 0} |
| {0, 1, 1} | {1, 1, 2} | {2, 1, 1} | {3, 1, 2} | {4, 1, 1} |
| {0, 2, 0} | {1, 2, 1} | {2, 2, 0} | {3, 2, 1} | {4, 2, 0} |
| {0, 3, 1} | {1, 3, 2} | {2, 3, 1} | {3, 3, 2} | {4, 3, 1} |
| {0, 4, 0} | {1, 4, 1} | {2, 4, 0} | {3, 4, 1} | {4, 4, 0} |);deg = Take[Dimensions[pts], 2] - 1;BSplineSurface[pts, SplineDegree -> deg]Graphics3D[%]BSplineSurface[Take[pts, 1 ;; 3, 1 ;; 3], SplineDegree -> deg]Graphics3D[%]Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}]Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> True]}]Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> #]}]& /@ {{True, False}, {False, True}}图形 (12)
Table[Graphics3D[{c, BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}], {c, {RGBColor[0.93, 0.27, 0.27], RGBColor[0.14, 0.8, 0.14], RGBColor[0.4, 0.6, 1]}}]可用 FaceForm 为曲面的正面和背面指定不同的属性:
Graphics3D[{FaceForm[RGBColor[0.93, 0.27, 0.27], RGBColor[0.14, 0.8, 0.14]], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}]可用 EdgeForm 指定曲面边界的样式:
Graphics3D[{EdgeForm[{Red, Thick, Dashed}], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}]Table[Graphics3D[{EdgeForm[{StandardYellow, Thick}], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> closed]}, Lighting -> "Accent"], {closed, {False, True}}]Table[Graphics3D[{Black, Specularity[White, n], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}, Lighting -> "Accent"], {n, {5, 20, 100}}]Opacity 指定曲面的透明度:
Table[Graphics3D[{Opacity[o], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}], {o, {0.1, 0.5, 0.9}}]Table[Graphics3D[{Glow[c], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}, Lighting -> None], {c, {RGBColor[0.93, 0.27, 0.27], RGBColor[0.14, 0.8, 0.14], RGBColor[0.4, 0.6, 1]}}]将其与 Lighting 结合使用,以创建精细的着色效果:
Table[Graphics3D[{Glow[glow], GrayLevel[0.4], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}, Lighting -> "Accent"], {glow, {RGBColor[0.93, 0.27, 0.27], RGBColor[0.14, 0.8, 0.14], RGBColor[0.4, 0.6, 1]}}]将 Texture 应用到曲面:
Graphics3D[{Texture[[image]], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}, Lighting -> "Neutral"]Table[Graphics3D[{s, BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}, Lighting -> "Accent"], {s, {StippleShading[0.6], ToonShading[Red], GoochShading[]}}]用 MaterialShading 绘制基于物理材质的曲面:
Table[Graphics3D[{MaterialShading[mat], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}, Lighting -> "ThreePoint"], {mat, {"Gold", "Satin", "Velvet"}}]可在 GraphicsComplex 中使用 BSplineSurface:
Graphics3D[{GraphicsComplex[{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 10, 12}, {0, 20, 9}, {10, 0, 12}, {10, 10, 0}, {10, 20, 0}, {20, 0, 3}, {20, 10, 0}, {20, 20, 9}}, BSplineSurface[{{1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9}}]]}]pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];Table[Graphics3D[{BezierSurface[pts]}, PlotRange -> {{0, pr}, {0, pr}, {0, pr}}], {pr, {1, 2, 4}}]用 Scaled 来指定相对于 PlotRange 的控制点:
scaled = Map[Scaled, pts, {2}];Table[Graphics3D[{BezierSurface[scaled]}, PlotRange -> {{0, pr}, {0, pr}, {0, pr}}], {pr, {1, 2, 4}}]坐标可以是 Dynamic:
DynamicModule[{z = 0, pts},
pts = {{Dynamic[{0, 0, z}], {0, 4, 4}, {0, 8, 3}}, {{4, 0, 4}, {4, 4, 0}, {4, 8, 0}}, {{8, 0, 1}, {8, 4, 0}, {8, 8, 3}}};
{Slider[Dynamic[z], {0, 4}], Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts]}]}]区域 (6)
reg = BSplineSurface[{{{Indexed[a, {1}], Indexed[a, {2}], Indexed[a, {3}]}, {Indexed[a, {4}], Indexed[a, {5}], Indexed[a, {6}]}, {Indexed[a, {7}], Indexed[a, {8}], Indexed[a, {9}]}}, {{Indexed[b, {1}], Indexed[b, {2}], Indexed[b, {3}]}, {Indexed[b, {4}], Indexed[b, {5}], Indexed[b, {6}]}, {Indexed[b, {7}], Indexed[b, {8}], Indexed[b, {9}]}}, {{Indexed[c, {1}], Indexed[c, {2}], Indexed[c, {3}]}, {Indexed[c, {4}], Indexed[c, {5}], Indexed[c, {6}]}, {Indexed[c, {7}], Indexed[c, {8}], Indexed[c, {9}]}}}];RegionEmbeddingDimension[reg]RegionDimension[reg]reg = BSplineSurface[{{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 4, 4}, {0, 8, 3}}, {{4, 0, 4}, {4, 4, 0}, {4, 8, 0}}, {{8, 0, 1}, {8, 4, 0}, {8, 8, 3}}}];{RegionMember[reg, {0, 0, 0}], RegionMember[reg, {1, 2, 3}]}reg = BSplineSurface[{{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 4, 4}, {0, 8, 3}}, {{4, 0, 4}, {4, 4, 0}, {4, 8, 0}}, {{8, 0, 1}, {8, 4, 0}, {8, 8, 3}}}];{Area[reg], RegionMeasure[reg]}c = RegionCentroid[reg]Show[Region[reg], Graphics3D[{Black, Point[c]}]]reg = BSplineSurface[{{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 4, 4}, {0, 8, 3}}, {{4, 0, 4}, {4, 4, 0}, {4, 8, 0}}, {{8, 0, 1}, {8, 4, 0}, {8, 8, 3}}}];{RegionDistance[reg, {0, 0, 0}], RegionDistance[reg, {1, 1, 0}]}Show[Region[reg], ContourPlot3D[Evaluate@RegionDistance[reg, {x, y, z}], {x, 0, 8}, {y, 0, 8}, {z, -4, 8}, Contours -> {1, 2, 3, 4}, ...], Boxed -> True, Axes -> True]reg = BSplineSurface[{{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 4, 4}, {0, 8, 3}}, {{4, 0, 4}, {4, 4, 0}, {4, 8, 0}}, {{8, 0, 1}, {8, 4, 0}, {8, 8, 3}}}];{SignedRegionDistance[reg, {0, 0, 0}], SignedRegionDistance[reg, {1, 1, 0}]}reg = BSplineSurface[{{{0, 0, 0}, {0, 4, 4}, {0, 8, 3}}, {{4, 0, 4}, {4, 4, 0}, {4, 8, 0}}, {{8, 0, 1}, {8, 4, 0}, {8, 8, 3}}}];BoundedRegionQ[reg]bb = CoordinateBoundingBox[reg]Show[Region[reg], Graphics3D[{Opacity[0.1], EdgeForm[Dashed], AmbientLight[White], Cuboid@@bb}]]选项 (7)
SplineDegree (2)
默认情况下,一个具有 4×4 或更多控制点的 BSplineSurface 为 3 次曲面:
pts = Table[{i, j, (-1) ^ (i * j)}, {i, 7}, {j, 7}];{BSplineSurface[Take[pts, 4, 4]], BSplineSurface[Take[pts, 7, 7]]}{BSplineSurface[Take[pts, 2, 2]], BSplineSurface[Take[pts, 3, 3]]}用 SplineDegree 指定应使用较低的次数:
BSplineSurface[pts, SplineDegree -> 1]BSplineSurface[pts, SplineDegree -> 6]pts = Table[{i, j, (-1) ^ (i * j)}, {i, 9}, {j, 9}];Region[BSplineSurface[pts, SplineDegree -> #]]& /@ {2, {2, 8}, {8, 2}}SplineKnots (3)
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts]}, Boxed -> False]knots = {{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2}};Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts, SplineKnots -> knots]}, Boxed -> False]"Clamped" 生成的节点使得曲面能够对角点控制点进行插值:
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts, SplineKnots -> "Clamped"], {...}}, Boxed -> False]对于一个 d 次曲面,这对应于第一个和最后一个节点值被重复 d+1 次:
knots = {{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4}};Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts, SplineKnots -> knots], {...}}, Boxed -> False]"Unclamped" 生成均匀节点,使得曲面不对角点控制点进行插值:
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts, SplineKnots -> "Unclamped"], {...}}, Boxed -> False]对于一个具有 n×n 个控制点的 d 次曲面,这对应于一个长度为 n+d+1 的连续序列:
knots = {{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}};Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts, SplineKnots -> knots], {...}}, Boxed -> False]SplineWeights (1)
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts, SplineWeights -> #]}, Boxed -> False]& /@ {Automatic, ConstantArray[1, Take[Dimensions[pts], 2]]}weights1 = Table[{1, 0, 0, 1}, 4];weights2 = Table[{1, 10, 10, 1}, 4];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts, SplineWeights -> #]}, Boxed -> False]& /@ {weights1, weights2}SplineClosed (1)
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts]}]Graphics3D /@ {BSplineSurface[pts, SplineClosed -> {True, False}], BSplineSurface[pts, SplineClosed -> {False, True}]}Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts, SplineClosed -> True]}]应用 (4)
建模 (3)
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];Graphics3D[{Map[Line, Join[pts, Transpose[pts]]], Point[Join@@pts]}, Boxed -> False]weights = ConstantArray[{1, 1 / 2, 1 / 2, 1, 1 / 2, 1 / 2, 1}, 6];
uknots = {0, 0, 0, 1 / 4, 1 / 2, 3 / 4, 1, 1, 1};
vknots = {0, 0, 0, 1 / 4, 1 / 2, 1 / 2, 3 / 4, 1, 1, 1};surface = BSplineSurface[pts, SplineKnots -> {uknots, vknots}, SplineDegree -> 2, SplineWeights -> weights, SplineClosed -> {False, True}]Graphics3D[{
FaceForm[MaterialShading["Copper"], MaterialShading["Rubber"]],
surface}, Boxed -> False, Lighting -> "ThreePoint"]Graphics3D[{MaterialShading["Pewter"], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {True, False}]}, ...]Graphics3D[{MaterialShading["Gold"], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineClosed -> {True, False}]}, ...]插值 (1)
data = BlockRandom[Table[{i, j, RandomReal[4]}, {i, 8}, {j, 8}], RandomSeeding -> 30];Graphics3D[{FaceForm[{RGBColor[0.880722, 0.611041, 0.142051], Specularity[GrayLevel[1], 3]}], BSplineSurface[data, SplineDegree -> 2]}, ...]对于有噪声的数据,增大 SplineDegree 可使拟合结果更加平滑:
Graphics3D[{FaceForm[{RGBColor[0.880722, 0.611041, 0.142051], Specularity[GrayLevel[1], 3]}], BSplineSurface[data, SplineDegree -> #]}, ...]& /@ {2, 4, 6}属性和关系 (11)
次数为 1 的 BSplineSurface 等同于 Polygon:
pts = {{{0, 0, 1}, {2, 0, 0}}, {{0, 2, 2}, {2, 2, 1}}};Graphics3D /@ {BSplineSurface[pts], Polygon[Join[First[pts], Reverse[Last[pts]]]]}BezierSurface 是 BSplineSurface 的特例:
Graphics3D /@ {BezierSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}一个由 d 次的贝塞尔曲面组成的复合 BezierSurface,可通过 d 次 BSplineSurface 和特定的 SplineKnots 来表示:
knots = {{0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2}, {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2}};Graphics3D /@ {BezierSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»], SplineKnots -> knots]}通过 RegionConvert 可将任意 BezierSurface 转换为等效的 BSplineSurface:
bezier = BezierSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]];
bspline = RegionConvert[bezier, "Spline"];Graphics3D /@ {bezier, bspline}BSplineCurve 是 BSplineSurface 的一种低维形式,接受一个控制点列表:
pts = {{-3, 0}, {6, 5}, {-6, -5}, {3, 0}};Graphics[BSplineCurve[pts]]BSplineSurface 的边界由四条 B 样条曲线构成:
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];bc = Map[BSplineCurve, {pts[[1]], pts[[-1]], pts[[All, 1]], pts[[All, -1]]}];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts], Thick, StandardRed, bc}]BSplineSurface 上的所有等参曲线都是有效的 B 样条曲线:
uc = Table[BSplineCurve[Map[#[u]&, Map[BSplineFunction, pts]]], {u, 0, 1, 1 / 5}];
vc = Table[BSplineCurve[Map[#[v]&, Map[BSplineFunction, Transpose[pts]]]], {v, 0, 1, 1 / 5}];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts], Thick, RGBColor[0.14, 0.8, 0.14], uc, RGBColor[0.4, 0.6, 1], vc}]pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];
corners = {pts[[1, 1]], pts[[-1, 1]], pts[[-1, -1]], pts[[1, -1]]};RegionMember[BSplineSurface[pts], corners]Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts], Red, PointSize[Medium], Point[corners]}]opts = Complement[Join@@pts, corners];RegionMember[BSplineSurface[pts], opts]//Counts可用等价的 BSplineSurface 表示嵌在三维空间中的 Disk:
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];knots = {{0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2}, {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2}};weights = {{1, (1/Sqrt[2]), 1}, {(1/Sqrt[2]), 1, (1/Sqrt[2])}, {1, (1/Sqrt[2]), 1}};Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[pts, SplineKnots -> knots, SplineWeights -> weights], PlotRange -> {Automatic, Automatic, {-1, 1} / 4}]BSplineSurface 总是对四个角点处的控制点进行插值:
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];
corners = {pts[[1, 1]], pts[[-1, 1]], pts[[-1, -1]], pts[[1, -1]]};RegionMember[BSplineSurface[pts], corners]Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts], Red, PointSize[Medium], Point[corners]}]opts = Complement[Join@@pts, corners];RegionMember[BSplineSurface[pts], opts]//Countspts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];Show[Region[BSplineSurface[pts]], Graphics3D[{Opacity[0.1], EdgeForm[Directive[Dashed]], ConvexHullRegion[Join@@pts]}]]BSplineFunction 给出 BSplineSurface 上与两个特定参数值相对应的位置:
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];bfunc = BSplineFunction[pts]positions = Join@@Table[bfunc[u, v], {u, 0, 1, 1 / 10}, {v, 0, 1, 1 / 10}];Graphics3D[{BSplineSurface[pts], StandardRed, PointSize[0.02], Point[positions]}]B 样条曲面可以通过使用基函数对其控制点进行加权求和来构建:
pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];knots = {0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1};bspline[u_, v_] := Sum[BSplineBasis[{3, knots}, j, v] * BSplineBasis[{3, knots}, i, u] * pts[[i + 1, j + 1]], {j, 0, 3}, {i, 0, 3}]GraphicsRow[{ParametricPlot3D[bspline[u, v], {u, 0, 1}, {v, 0, 1}], Graphics3D[BSplineSurface[pts], Axes -> True]}, ImageSize -> Medium]pts = IconizedObject[«[image]»];A = AffineTransform[{(| | | |
| -- | - | - |
| 0 | 1 | 0 |
| -1 | 0 | 0 |
| 0 | 0 | 2 |), {1, 2, 3}}];Graphics3D[#, Axes -> True]& /@ {GeometricTransformation[BSplineSurface[pts], A], BSplineSurface[A[pts]]}SubdivisionRegion 从控制网格而非控制面生成平滑曲面:
Graphics3D /@ {SubdivisionRegion[[image]], BSplineSurface[IconizedObject[«[image]»]]}相关指南
文本
Wolfram Research (2008),BSplineSurface,Wolfram 语言函数,https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/BSplineSurface.html.
CMS
Wolfram 语言. 2008. "BSplineSurface." Wolfram 语言与系统参考资料中心. Wolfram Research. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/BSplineSurface.html.
APA
Wolfram 语言. (2008). BSplineSurface. Wolfram 语言与系统参考资料中心. 追溯自 https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/BSplineSurface.html 年
BibTeX
@misc{reference.wolfram_2026_bsplinesurface, author="Wolfram Research", title="{BSplineSurface}", year="2008", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/BSplineSurface.html}", note=[Accessed: 08-September-2026]}
BibLaTeX
@online{reference.wolfram_2026_bsplinesurface, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={BSplineSurface}, year={2008}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/BSplineSurface.html}, note=[Accessed: 08-September-2026]}