# GompertzMakehamDistribution

represents a Gompertz distribution with scale parameter λ and frailty parameter ξ.

GompertzMakehamDistribution[λ,ξ,θ,α]

represents a GompertzMakeham distribution with parameters λ, ξ, θ, and α.

# Details

• The hazard function for value in a Gompertz distribution is given by for , and is zero for .
• The hazard function for value in a GompertzMakeham distribution is given by for and is zero for .
• GompertzMakehamDistribution allows λ and ξ to be any positive real numbers and θ and α any nonnegative real numbers.
• GompertzMakehamDistribution allows λ to be a quantity of any unit dimension and ξ, θ, and α to be dimensionless quantities. »
• GompertzMakehamDistribution can be used with such functions as Mean, CDF, and RandomVariate.

# Background & Context

• GompertzMakehamDistribution[λ,ξ,θ,α] represents a continuous statistical distribution defined over the interval and parametrized by two non-negative real numbers θ and α and two positive real numbers λ and ξ called a "scale parameter" and a "frailty parameter", respectively. The overall behavior of the probability density function (PDF) of a GompertzMakeham distribution is determined by the values of the parameters λ, ξ, θ, and α, and in particular the PDF may be either monotonically decreasing with a potential singularity approaching the lower boundary of its domain or unimodal. In addition, depending on its parameters, the tails of the PDF may be either "fat" or "thin", in the sense that the PDF may decrease either algebraically or exponentially for large values of . (This behavior can be made quantitatively precise by analyzing the SurvivalFunction of the distribution.) The two-parameter version of the distribution is often referred to as the Gompertz distribution and is equivalent to GompertzMakehamDistribution[λ,ξ,0,0].
• The GompertzMakeham distribution was introduced in the 1890s when English mathematician W. M. Makeham generalized a distribution originally studied by British mathematician Benjamin Gompertz in the early 1820s. Gompertz's original distribution was constructed as an attempt to smoothly model human mortality, subject to the assumption that death is due only to deterioration, while Makeham's work was the result of generalizing this model to account for death stemming from either deterioration or random causes. The GompertzMakeham distribution is the basis for the so-called GompertzMakeham law of mortality, which states that the human death rate is composed of two components: one age dependent and the other age independent. This law is used in a number of fields, including computer science, actuarial science, gerontology, demography, biology, and reliability theory.
• RandomVariate can be used to give one or more machine- or arbitrary-precision (the latter via the WorkingPrecision option) pseudorandom variates from a GompertzMakeham distribution. Distributed[x,GompertzMakehamDistribution[λ,ξ,θ,α]], written more concisely as xGompertzMakehamDistribution[λ,ξ,θ,α], can be used to assert that a random variable x is distributed according to a GompertzMakeham distribution. Such an assertion can then be used in functions such as Probability, NProbability, Expectation, and NExpectation.
• The probability density and cumulative distribution functions may be given using PDF[GompertzMakehamDistribution[λ,ξ,θ,α],x] and CDF[GompertzMakehamDistribution[λ,ξ,θ,α],x]. The mean, median, variance, raw moments, and central moments may be computed using Mean, Median, Variance, Moment, and CentralMoment, respectively.
• DistributionFitTest can be used to test if a given dataset is consistent with a GompertzMakeham distribution, EstimatedDistribution to estimate a GompertzMakeham parametric distribution from given data, and FindDistributionParameters to fit data to a GompertzMakeham distribution. ProbabilityPlot can be used to generate a plot of the CDF of given data against the CDF of a symbolic GompertzMakeham distribution and QuantilePlot to generate a plot of the quantiles of given data against the quantiles of a symbolic GompertzMakeham distribution.
• TransformedDistribution can be used to represent a transformed GompertzMakeham distribution, CensoredDistribution to represent the distribution of values censored between upper and lower values, and TruncatedDistribution to represent the distribution of values truncated between upper and lower values. CopulaDistribution can be used to build higher-dimensional distributions that contain a GompertzMakeham distribution, and ProductDistribution can be used to compute a joint distribution with independent component distributions involving GompertzMakeham distributions.
• The GompertzMakeham distribution is related to several other distributions. For example, GompertzMakehamDistribution is related to ExponentialDistribution, in the sense that the hazard function (see HazardFunction) of GompertzMakehamDistribution[λ,θ/λ] tends to that of as λ tends to zero. In addition, GompertzMakehamDistribution is a truncated GumbelDistribution (i.e. GumbelDistribution[a,b] restricted to [ is the same as GompertzMakehamDistribution[1/b,Exp[-a/b]]). It is related to a truncated WeibullDistribution and therefore also to the other "extreme value distributions", namely to FrechetDistribution and to ExtremeValueDistribution. GompertzMakehamDistribution is also related to GammaDistribution, ExpGammaDistribution, RayleighDistribution, and StudentTDistribution.

# Examples

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## Basic Examples(6)

Probability density function of Gompertz distribution:

Cumulative distribution function of Gompertz distribution:

Probability density function of GompertzMakeham distribution:

Cumulative distribution function of GompertzMakeham distribution:

Mean and variance of a Gompertz distribution:

Median of Gompertz distribution:

## Scope(10)

Generate a sample of pseudorandom numbers from a Gompertz distribution:

Compare its histogram to the PDF:

Distribution parameters estimation:

Estimate the distribution parameters from sample data:

Compare the density histogram of the sample with the PDF of the estimated distribution:

Skewness of Gompertz distribution:

Kurtosis of Gompertz distribution:

Different moments of Gompertz distribution with closed forms as functions of parameters:

Hazard function of Gompertz distribution:

Hazard function of GompertzMakeham distribution:

Quantile function of Gompertz distribution:

Quantile function of GompertzMakeham distribution:

Consistent use of Quantity in parameters yields QuantityDistribution:

Find the mean service time:

## Applications(4)

The lifetime of a device has a Gompertz distribution. Find the reliability of the device:

The hazard function increasing in time:

Find the reliability of two such devices in series:

Find the reliability of two such devices in parallel:

Compare the reliability of both systems for and :

A steel pipe with thickness θ is exposed to corrosion and fails if any of the n microscopic pits penetrates the surface. Assume the time to penetration at each pit is proportional to the remaining thickness with factor k. If the depths of the pits are initially random and the depth in time follows a right-truncated exponential distribution with parameter λ, then time to failure of the pipe follows a Gompertz distribution. Find the reliability of the pipe:

Find the mean time to failure:

The female mortality in 1900 according to the Society of Actuaries is given by the table:

Create a sample population to use maximum likelihood estimation:

Fit GompertzMakeham distribution to the data:

Plot probability density function:

Compare the mortality data with the survival function of the estimated distribution:

Find the average female life length in 1900:

Compare the mean residual lifetime from the data with estimated distribution:

Define expo-power distribution using Gompertz distribution:

Hazard function:

Survival function:

Probability density function:

WeibullDistribution is a limiting case:

## Properties & Relations(9)

GompertzMakehamDistribution is closed under scaling by a positive factor:

The family of Gompertz distributions is closed under a minimum:

For different frailty parameters:

The family of GompertzMakeham distributions is closed under a minimum:

For different frailty parameters:

Relationships to other distributions:

Gompertz distribution is related to exponential distribution:

The GompertzMakeham distribution simplifies to the Gompertz distribution for θ=0 and α=0:

Gompertz distribution is a truncated GumbelDistribution:

Gompertz distribution is related to truncated WeibullDistribution:

WeibullDistribution is related to Gompertz distribution:

## Neat Examples(1)

PDFs for different λ values with CDF contours:

Wolfram Research (2010), GompertzMakehamDistribution, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/GompertzMakehamDistribution.html (updated 2016).

#### Text

Wolfram Research (2010), GompertzMakehamDistribution, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/GompertzMakehamDistribution.html (updated 2016).

#### CMS

Wolfram Language. 2010. "GompertzMakehamDistribution." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2016. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/GompertzMakehamDistribution.html.

#### APA

Wolfram Language. (2010). GompertzMakehamDistribution. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/GompertzMakehamDistribution.html

#### BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2022_gompertzmakehamdistribution, author="Wolfram Research", title="{GompertzMakehamDistribution}", year="2016", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/GompertzMakehamDistribution.html}", note=[Accessed: 18-August-2022 ]}

#### BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2022_gompertzmakehamdistribution, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={GompertzMakehamDistribution}, year={2016}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/GompertzMakehamDistribution.html}, note=[Accessed: 18-August-2022 ]}