GeoGraphics

✖
`GeoGraphics`

✖

GeoGraphics[primitives,options]

represents a two-dimensional geographical image.

Details and Options

GeoGraphics constructs maps of regions of the world or other celestial bodies.
GeoGraphics takes a set of geo graphics primitives, does a projection and returns a graphical image.

GeoGraphics uses the same primitives as Graphics, with the following additions:

	GeoBoundsRegion[ranges]	latitude-longitude rectangle
	GeoBoundsRegionBoundary[ranges]	boundary of a latitude-longitude rectangle
	GeoCircle[pt,r]	cartographic circle supporting geo entities
	GeoDisk[pt,r]	cartographic disk area supporting geo entities
	GeoHemisphere[pt]	hemisphere centered at position pt
	GeoHemisphereBoundary[pt]	boundary of a hemisphere, i.e. a great circle or ellipse
	GeoMarker[pts]	pushpin supporting geo entities
	GeoPath[pts]	cartographic path supporting geo entities
	GeoPolygon[pts]	cartographic polygon supporting geo entities
	GeoVisibleRegion[pt]	visible area from an elevated point
	GeoVisibleRegionBoundary[pt]	horizon from an elevated point
	DayHemisphere[date]	half of Earth illuminated by the Sun at a given time
	NightHemisphere[date]	half of Earth not illuminated by the Sun at a given time
	DayNightTerminator[date]	closed path separating the day and night hemispheres

GeoGraphics uses the same directives as Graphics, with the following addition:
GeoStyling[mapstyle] display faces of filled geo objects using mapstyle
GeoGraphics has the same options as Graphics, with the following additions and changes: [List of all options]

GeoBackground	Automatic	style specifications for the background
GeoCenter	Automatic	center coordinates to use
GeoGridLines	None	geographic grid lines to draw
GeoGridLinesStyle	Automatic	style specifications for geographic grid lines
GeoGridRange	All	projected coordinate range to include
GeoGridRangePadding	Automatic	how much to pad the projected range
GeoModel	Automatic	model of the Earth (or other body) to use
GeoProjection	Automatic	projection to use
GeoRange	Automatic	geographic area range to include
GeoRangePadding	Automatic	how much to pad the geographic range
GeoResolution	Automatic	average distance between background pixels
GeoScaleBar	None	scale bar to display
GeoServer	Automatic	specification of a tile server
GeoZoomLevel	Automatic	zoom to use for geographic background
MetaInformation	{}	meta-information about the map
RasterSize	Automatic	raster dimensions for the background data

GeoStyling["Streetmap"] or GeoStyling["StreetmapNoLabels"] is used as the default styling for GeoBackground, depending on the projection.
Experimental geo backgrounds based on vector data can be obtained with GeoBackgroundvectorbg, where possible vectorbg values include "VectorClassic", "VectorMarketing", "VectorVintage", or "VectorBusiness".
GeoGraphics[] gives a map of the world centered at the longitude of the current geo location with default geo styling.
AbsoluteOptions can be used to give explicit values for geo graphics settings.
GeoGraphics is displayed in StandardForm as a graphical image.
Using GeoGraphics requires internet connectivity.
Clicking on a geo graphic and selecting the Get Coordinates tool from the Graphics ▶ Drawing Tools allows coordinate information to be interactively read off.

List of all options

AlignmentPoint	Center	the default point in the graphic to align with
AspectRatio	Automatic	ratio of height to width
Axes	False	whether to draw axes
AxesLabel	None	axes labels
AxesOrigin	Automatic	where axes should cross
AxesStyle	{}	style specifications for the axes
Background	None	background color for the plot
BaselinePosition	Automatic	how to align with a surrounding text baseline
BaseStyle	{}	base style specifications for the graphic
ContentSelectable	Automatic	whether to allow contents to be selected
CoordinatesToolOptions	Automatic	detailed behavior of the coordinates tool
Epilog	{}	primitives rendered after the main plot
FormatType	TraditionalForm	the default format type for text
Frame	False	whether to put a frame around the plot
FrameLabel	None	frame labels
FrameStyle	{}	style specifications for the frame
FrameTicks	Automatic	frame ticks
FrameTicksStyle	{}	style specifications for frame ticks
GeoBackground	Automatic	style specifications for the background
GeoCenter	Automatic	center coordinates to use
GeoGridLines	None	geographic grid lines to draw
GeoGridLinesStyle	Automatic	style specifications for geographic grid lines
GeoGridRange	All	projected coordinate range to include
GeoGridRangePadding	Automatic	how much to pad the projected range
GeoModel	Automatic	model of the Earth (or other body) to use
GeoProjection	Automatic	projection to use
GeoRange	Automatic	geographic area range to include
GeoRangePadding	Automatic	how much to pad the geographic range
GeoResolution	Automatic	average distance between background pixels
GeoScaleBar	None	scale bar to display
GeoServer	Automatic	specification of a tile server
GeoZoomLevel	Automatic	zoom to use for geographic background
GridLines	None	grid lines to draw
GridLinesStyle	{}	style specifications for grid lines
ImageMargins	0.	the margins to leave around the graphic
ImagePadding	All	what extra padding to allow for labels etc.
ImageSize	Automatic	the absolute size at which to render the graphic
LabelStyle	{}	style specifications for labels
MetaInformation	{}	meta-information about the map
Method	Automatic	details of graphics methods to use
PlotLabel	None	an overall label for the plot
PlotRange	All	range of values to include
PlotRangeClipping	False	whether to clip at the plot range
PlotRangePadding	Automatic	how much to pad the range of values
PlotRegion	Automatic	the final display region to be filled
PreserveImageOptions	Automatic	whether to preserve image options when displaying new versions of the same graphic
Prolog	{}	primitives rendered before the main plot
RasterSize	Automatic	raster dimensions for the background data
RotateLabel	True	whether to rotate y labels on the frame
Ticks	Automatic	axes ticks
TicksStyle	{}	style specifications for axes ticks

Examples

open allclose all

Basic Examples (7)Summary of the most common use cases

Show a map of the world centered at your location:

Out[1]=1

Display a street map centered on your current location:

Out[1]=1

Draw a polygon showing Italy:

Out[1]=1

Style a geo polygon with graphics directives:

Out[2]=2

Display a map of France and areas around it:

Out[1]=1

Draw a map of Germany only:

Out[1]=1

Plot the world in a Robinson projection:

Out[1]=1

Connect two points on Earth with GeoPath:

Out[2]=2

A map of the area around Olympus Mons on Mars:

Out[1]=1

Scope (30)Survey of the scope of standard use cases

Primitives (19)

Plot the US as a geo polygon:

Out[1]=1

Plot the bounding rectangle of the US, with sides being parallels and meridians:

Out[1]=1

Draw a straight line between two cities:

Out[1]=1

Draw a red point at the position of Washington, DC:

Out[1]=1

Show the location of London with a geo marker:

Out[1]=1

Plot a set of styled geo disks using different center specifications:

Out[1]=1

Plot a set of styled geo circles using different center specifications:

Out[1]=1

Color the part of the Earth currently in daylight:

Out[1]=1

Color the part of the Earth currently in darkness:

Out[1]=1

Display the current terminator separating daylight from darkness on the Earth:

Out[1]=1

Show the shortest path (geodesic) between New York and Hong Kong:

Out[1]=1

Plot a random path of 100 geodesic steps:

Out[1]=1

Draw an arrow between two cities:

Out[1]=1

Draw an arrow with multiple segments:

Out[2]=2

The visible region from an altitude of 10 km:

Out[1]=1

The boundary of the visible region from an altitude of 10 km:

Out[1]=1

Smooth country polygons using geo filled curves:

Show a map of smoothed South American nations:

Out[2]=2

Plot the area around the Arctic Circle:

Out[1]=1

Combine a number of geo graphics primitives in one map:

Out[1]=1

GeoGraphics supports 2D and 3D graphics primitives:

Out[1]=1

Projections and Map Coordinates (8)

Large-scale maps use the equirectangular projection by default:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

Intermediate-scale maps use the Lambert azimuthal projection centered at the geo range of the map:

Out[3]=3

Out[4]=4

Small scales are represented by default using the Mercator projection, to preserve angles:

Out[5]=5

Out[6]=6

Choose a projection with default parameters from GeoProjectionData[]:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

Specify the parameters of a cylindrical projection using the default center meridian at Greenwich:

Out[1]=1

Choose any other meridian as the origin for projected longitudes:

Out[2]=2

Center the map at that longitude:

Out[3]=3

For cylindrical projections, easting represents longitude and is returned in degrees. Use radians instead:

Out[4]=4

Use a scale in kilometers for equatorial distance. The same radius geo disks show distance distortion:

Out[5]=5

Specify the parameters of an azimuthal projection, mainly the tangency point of the projection plane:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

Some azimuthal projections cannot cover the whole world in a single map; the Lambert azimuthal projection can:

Out[3]=3

Specify the parameters of a conic projection by choosing a centering point:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

Choose the standard parallels, which are true to scale, and draw them:

Out[3]=3

Out[4]=4

Geo primitives are defined in terms of {lat,lon} positions on the Earth and they are projected:

Out[1]=1

Standard primitives are defined in terms of map coordinates and they are not projected:

Out[2]=2

Standard primitives may be placed using GeoPosition[{lat,lon}], which is automatically projected:

Out[3]=3

A GeoPath (geodesic or loxodrome) is generically curved in the map:

Out[1]=1

The standard Line primitive is always a straight line in the map:

Out[2]=2

Coordinates coincide (though reversed) only for the equirectangular projection; use GeoPosition otherwise:

Out[3]=3

A filled GeoPath has generically curved sides in the map:

Out[2]=2

The standard Polygon primitive always has straight sides:

Out[3]=3

Compare both together:

Out[4]=4

Coordinates (3)

Coordinate ranges for the map are determined by the total bounding box of all coordinates:

Out[1]=1

Coordinate specifications outside primitives contribute to the bounding box, but are not plotted:

Out[1]=1

Therefore this produces a map around a given geographical entity, with default geo range padding:

Out[2]=2

Coordinates in Graphics primitives that are not wrapped in GeoPosition are considered to be already in final projection. They also count toward the total coordinates range:

Out[1]=1

Options (21)Common values & functionality for each option

GeoBackground (4)

Use the default background for map region and background:

Out[1]=1

Draw a relief map background for a map of the US:

Out[2]=2

Use a relief map background for world maps with various projections:

Out[3]=3

Specify a uniform background for the geographic map:

Out[1]=1

Specify uniform backgrounds for the map and graphic as a whole:

Out[2]=2

World map with country boundaries:

Out[1]=1

European country borders in 1900:

Out[2]=2

Use vector geo backgrounds:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

GeoCenter (1)

Use GeoCenter to define the center for the map:

Out[1]=1

The geo range is extended to have Munich at the center of the map:

Out[2]=2

GeoGridLines (1)

Use GeoGridLines to overlay the map with lines of latitude and longitude:

Out[1]=1

Show geo grid lines (constant latitude and longitude) and grid lines (constant projected coordinates):

Out[2]=2

GeoGridLinesStyle (1)

Use GeoGridLinesStyle to change the styling for lines of latitude and longitude:

Out[1]=1

GeoGridRange (2)

Specify projected coordinate ranges in the coordinate system determined by the projection:

Out[1]=1

A map of the Chicago area in zone 16 of the Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

GeoGridRangePadding (1)

Add padding in the projected coordinate system:

Out[1]=1

Add positive padding in the horizontal direction, but negative padding in the vertical direction:

Out[2]=2

GeoModel (2)

Construct a geodesic path that leaves London with NE direction and goes around the Earth three times:

Out[1]=1

Computations are performed by default on an ellipsoidal Earth, meaning geodesic paths do not close:

Out[2]=2

Using a spherical model for the Earth results in closed geodesics:

Out[3]=3

A map of Mars:

Out[1]=1

GeoProjection (1)

Use GeoProjection to choose the map projection:

Out[1]=1

GeoRange (1)

Use GeoRange to define the latitude and longitude coordinate ranges:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

Out[3]=3

GeoRangePadding (1)

Use GeoRangePadding to pad the coordinate range for the map:

Out[1]=1

GeoResolution (1)

Specify the geo zoom level as an average distance between neighboring pixels:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

GeoScaleBar (1)

Show a map with no geo scale:

Out[1]=1

Display the geo scale in kilometers:

Show a geo scale in metric and imperial:

GeoServer (1)

By default, GeoGraphics downloads geo background tiles from the Wolfram geo server:

Out[1]=1

Use an alternative tile server:

Out[2]=2

GeoZoomLevel (2)

Display Canada at the default GeoZoomLevel:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

Explicitly specify GeoZoomLevel to obtain a more detailed map rendering:

Out[3]=3

Display the area around the Eiffel Tower at different levels of magnification:

Out[1]=1

MetaInformation (1)

Meta-information about the map sources:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

Add your own meta-information:

Out[3]=3

Out[4]=4

Applications (9)Sample problems that can be solved with this function

Make a map of the 50 states in the US with Alaska and Hawaii as insets:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

Out[3]=3

Use polygons, geo circle, and other graphics primitives to build up a geographic map:

Out[1]=1

Draw thick arrows between pairs of countries:

Out[2]=2

Show the configuration of continents on Earth 200 million years ago:

Out[1]=1

Retrieve the epicenter locations of earthquakes in California:

Plot the epicenters on a map of California:

Out[2]=2

Get the geographic bounds of California:

Make a smooth kernel distribution of the earthquake epicenters:

Plot the results:

Out[5]=5

Show the results on a map with the epicenters themselves shown as black dots:

Out[6]=6

Construct street maps of Monaco and Gibraltar:

Out[1]=1

Transplant Monaco (centered at the Trump Building) and Gibraltar (centered at the Brooklyn Central Library) to New York by modifying the coordinates of the polygon:

Show the shifted Monaco and Gibraltar on top of the city limits of New York:

Out[3]=3

Define "Australian" transformation and geo disk centered on Australia:

Plot Australia from the rest of the world's perspective:

Out[3]=3

Plot the rest of the world from Australia's perspective:

Out[4]=4

Compare a historical map of Paris with a modern street map:

Out[1]=1

Crop the elegant yet extraneous frame:

Out[2]=2

Pick three characteristic points on the two maps and identify them with approximate positions:

Plot the resulting points on the maps:

Out[4]=4

Get a street map of Paris from today:

Out[5]=5

Find an affine transformation that maps the three points from each map into each other:

Out[7]=7

Color the modern street map in gray and the historical map in red:

Out[8]=8

Use the preceding affine transformation to show the two aligned maps over each other:

Out[9]=9

Smooth out and scale a country by computing a discrete Fourier transform of its boundary:

Superimpose scaled geo B-spline versions of the US border on a map:

Out[3]=3

Properties & Relations (7)Properties of the function, and connections to other functions

GeoGraphics returns a GeoGraphics expression, with a Graphics object in its first argument:

Out[1]=1

Out[2]=2

GeoImage returns an Image expression, the background image of the previous result:

Out[3]=3

Out[4]=4

GeoGraphics behaves like Graphics with standard primitives, but adds a geo background:

Out[1]=1

Coordinates are interpreted as {lon,lat} angles in the equirectangular projection:

Out[2]=2

Out[3]=3

Add GeoPosition wrappers to use {lat,lon} angles:

Out[4]=4

Coordinates inside geo primitives are always given in {lat,lon} angles:

Out[1]=1

Adding GeoPosition does not modify the result:

Out[2]=2

GeoRange determines the part of the Earth to plot, before projection:

Out[2]=2

Out[3]=3

PlotRange determines the part of the map to plot, after projection:

Out[4]=4

Use GeoRangePadding to extend the geo range:

Out[5]=5

Use PlotRangePadding to extend the plot range:

Out[6]=6

Use GeoRangePaddingFull to automatically extend the geo range to cover the initial plot range:

Out[7]=7

Geographic Entity objects represent the corresponding region or position, but are not geo primitives:

Out[1]=1

Use Polygon or Point to draw the respective region or point, with default geo styling:

Out[2]=2

Modify the default geo styling:

Out[3]=3

The shapes of entities generically undergo distortion upon projection. Here are default (in this case "Mercator") and "Equirectangular" projections for Sweden:

Out[2]=2