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WOLFRAM LANGUAGE TUTORIAL

# Elliptic Integrals and Elliptic Functions

Even more so than for other special functions, you need to be very careful about the arguments you give to elliptic integrals and elliptic functions. There are several incompatible conventions in common use, and often these conventions are distinguished only by the specific names given to arguments or by the presence of separators other than commas between arguments.

Common argument conventions for elliptic integrals and elliptic functions.

 JacobiAmplitude[u,m] give the amplitude ϕ corresponding to argument u and parameter m EllipticNomeQ[m] give the nome q corresponding to parameter m InverseEllipticNomeQ[q] give the parameter m corresponding to nome q WeierstrassInvariants[{ω,}] give the invariants corresponding to the half‐periods WeierstrassHalfPeriods[{g2,g3}] give the half‐periods corresponding to the invariants

Converting between different argument conventions.

## Elliptic Integrals

 EllipticK[m] complete elliptic integral of the first kind EllipticF[ϕ,m] elliptic integral of the first kind EllipticE[m] complete elliptic integral of the second kind EllipticE[ϕ,m] elliptic integral of the second kind EllipticPi[n,m] complete elliptic integral of the third kind EllipticPi[n,ϕ,m] elliptic integral of the third kind JacobiZeta[ϕ,m] Jacobi zeta function

Elliptic integrals.

Integrals of the form , where is a rational function, and is a cubic or quartic polynomial in , are known as elliptic integrals. Any elliptic integral can be expressed in terms of the three standard kinds of LegendreJacobi elliptic integrals.

The elliptic integral of the first kind EllipticF[ϕ,m] is given for by . This elliptic integral arises in solving the equations of motion for a simple pendulum. It is sometimes known as an incomplete elliptic integral of the first kind.

Note that the arguments of the elliptic integrals are sometimes given in the opposite order from what is used in the Wolfram Language.

The complete elliptic integral of the first kind EllipticK[m] is given by . Note that is used to denote the complete elliptic integral of the first kind, while is used for its incomplete form. In many applications, the parameter is not given explicitly, and is denoted simply by . The complementary complete elliptic integral of the first kind is given by . It is often denoted . and give the "real" and "imaginary" quarterperiods of the corresponding Jacobi elliptic functions discussed in "Elliptic Functions".

The elliptic integral of the second kind EllipticE[ϕ,m] is given for by .

The complete elliptic integral of the second kind EllipticE[m] is given by . It is often denoted . The complementary form is .

The Jacobi zeta function JacobiZeta[ϕ,m] is given by .

The Heuman lambda function is given by .

The elliptic integral of the third kind EllipticPi[n,ϕ,m] is given by .

The complete elliptic integral of the third kind EllipticPi[n,m] is given by .

Here is a plot of the complete elliptic integral of the second kind .
 Out[1]=
Here is with .
 Out[2]=
The elliptic integrals have a complicated structure in the complex plane.
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## Elliptic Functions

 JacobiAmplitude[u,m] amplitude function JacobiSN[u,m], JacobiCN[u,m], etc. Jacobi elliptic functions , etc. InverseJacobiSN[v,m], InverseJacobiCN[v,m], etc. inverse Jacobi elliptic functions , etc. EllipticTheta[a,u,q] theta functions (, …, ) EllipticThetaPrime[a,u,q] derivatives of theta functions (, …, ) SiegelTheta[τ,s] Siegel theta function SiegelTheta[v,τ,s] Siegel theta function WeierstrassP[u,{g2,g3}] Weierstrass elliptic function WeierstrassPPrime[u,{g2,g3}] derivative of Weierstrass elliptic function InverseWeierstrassP[p,{g2,g3}] inverse Weierstrass elliptic function WeierstrassSigma[u,{g2,g3}] Weierstrass sigma function WeierstrassZeta[u,{g2,g3}] Weierstrass zeta function

Elliptic and related functions.

Rational functions involving square roots of quadratic forms can be integrated in terms of inverse trigonometric functions. The trigonometric functions can thus be defined as inverses of the functions obtained from these integrals.

By analogy, elliptic functions are defined as inverses of the functions obtained from elliptic integrals.

The amplitude for Jacobi elliptic functions JacobiAmplitude[u,m] is the inverse of the elliptic integral of the first kind. If , then . In working with Jacobi elliptic functions, the argument is often dropped, so is written as .

The Jacobi elliptic functions JacobiSN[u,m] and JacobiCN[u,m] are given respectively by and , where . In addition, JacobiDN[u,m] is given by .

There are a total of twelve Jacobi elliptic functions , with the letters P and Q chosen from the set , C, D and N. Each Jacobi elliptic function satisfies the relation , where for these purposes .

There are many relations between the Jacobi elliptic functions, somewhat analogous to those between trigonometric functions. In limiting cases, in fact, the Jacobi elliptic functions reduce to trigonometric functions. So, for example, , , , , and .

The notation is often used for the integrals . These integrals can be expressed in terms of the Jacobi zeta function defined in "Elliptic Integrals".

One of the most important properties of elliptic functions is that they are doubly periodic in the complex values of their arguments. Ordinary trigonometric functions are singly periodic, in the sense that for any integer . The elliptic functions are doubly periodic, so that for any pair of integers and .

The Jacobi elliptic functions , etc. are doubly periodic in the complex plane. Their periods include and , where is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind.

The choice of "p" and "q" in the notation for Jacobi elliptic functions can be understood in terms of the values of the functions at the quarter periods and .

This shows two complete periods in each direction of the absolute value of the Jacobi elliptic function .
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Also built into the Wolfram Language are the inverse Jacobi elliptic functions InverseJacobiSN[v,m], InverseJacobiCN[v,m], etc. The inverse function , for example, gives the value of for which . The inverse Jacobi elliptic functions are related to elliptic integrals.

The four theta functions are obtained from EllipticTheta[a,u,q] by taking a to be , , , or . The functions are defined by , , , . The theta functions are often written as with the parameter not explicitly given. The theta functions are sometimes written in the form , where is related to by . In addition, is sometimes replaced by , given by . All the theta functions satisfy a diffusionlike differential equation .

The Siegel theta function SiegelTheta[τ,s] with Riemann square modular matrix of dimension p and vector s generalizes the elliptic theta functions to complex dimension p. It is defined by , where n runs over all p-dimensional integer vectors. The Siegel theta function with characteristic SiegelTheta[ν,τ,s] is defined by , where the characteristic ν is a pair of p-dimensional vectors .

The Jacobi elliptic functions can be expressed as ratios of the theta functions.

An alternative notation for theta functions is , , , , where .

The Neville theta functions can be defined in terms of the theta functions as , , , , where . The Jacobi elliptic functions can be represented as ratios of the Neville theta functions.

The Weierstrass elliptic function WeierstrassP[u,{g2,g3}] can be considered as the inverse of an elliptic integral. The Weierstrass function gives the value of for which . The function WeierstrassPPrime[u,{g2,g3}] is given by .

The Weierstrass functions are also sometimes written in terms of their fundamental halfperiods and , obtained from the invariants and using WeierstrassHalfPeriods[{u,{g2,g3}].

The function InverseWeierstrassP[p,{g2,g3}] finds one of the two values of for which . This value always lies in the parallelogram defined by the complex number halfperiods and .

InverseWeierstrassP[{p,q},{g2,g3}] finds the unique value of for which and . In order for any such value of to exist, and must be related by .

The Weierstrass zeta function WeierstrassZeta[u,{g2,g3}] and Weierstrass sigma function WeierstrassSigma[u,{g2,g3}] are related to the Weierstrass elliptic functions by and .

The Weierstrass zeta and sigma functions are not strictly elliptic functions since they are not periodic.

## Elliptic Modular Functions

 DedekindEta[τ] Dedekind eta function KleinInvariantJ[τ] Klein invariant modular function ModularLambda[τ] modular lambda function

Elliptic modular functions.

The modular lambda function relates the ratio of halfperiods to the parameter according to .

The Klein invariant modular function and the Dedekind eta function DedekindEta[τ] satisfy the relations .

Modular elliptic functions are defined to be invariant under certain fractional linear transformations of their arguments. Thus for example is invariant under any combination of the transformations and .

## Generalized Elliptic Integrals and Functions

 ArithmeticGeometricMean[a,b] the arithmetic‐geometric mean of and EllipticExp[u,{a,b}] generalized exponential associated with the elliptic curve EllipticLog[{x,y},{a,b}] generalized logarithm associated with the elliptic curve

Generalized elliptic integrals and functions.

The definitions for elliptic integrals and functions given above are based on traditional usage. For modern algebraic geometry, it is convenient to use slightly more general definitions.

The function EllipticLog[{x,y},{a,b}] is defined as the value of the integral , where the sign of the square root is specified by giving the value of such that . Integrals of the form can be expressed in terms of the ordinary logarithm (and inverse trigonometric functions). You can think of EllipticLog as giving a generalization of this, where the polynomial under the square root is now of degree three.

The function EllipticExp[u,{a,b}] is the inverse of EllipticLog. It returns the list that appears in EllipticLog. EllipticExp is an elliptic function, doubly periodic in the complex plane.

gives the arithmeticgeometric mean (AGM) of two numbers and . This quantity is central to many numerical algorithms for computing elliptic integrals and other functions. For positive reals and the AGM is obtained by starting with , , then iterating the transformation , until to the precision required.